The first autonomous vehicle was a carriage with a sleeping driver pulled by horses knowing the way home. Such horses were prized, and ever since the introduction of horseless carriages, attempts have been made to aid the driver. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has segmented the levels to which the role of the driver can be reduced or eliminated.
Level 1: The driver is assisted in steering, braking, or controlling the speed of the car.
Level 2: Partial automation. Involves the automation of at least two primary functions, including cruise control and lane centering.
Level 3: Conditional automation. Safety critical functions such as steering, throttle, or brakes can be automated. Need driver intervention when systems fail.
Level 4: Full self-driving automation in controlled areas. A driver is usually required.
Level 5: Full automation. Can generally drive anywhere. A driver is not required
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Publish Date: December 22, 2023